The immunomodulators of endogenous origin
At present time in quality of immunomodulators of endogenous origin immunoregulator peptides is applied. They are received from central organs of immunity (thymus and bone marrow, cytokines, interferons, effector proteins of immune systems (immunoglobulins).
Immunoregulator peptides received from central organs of immunity
Taktivin
and Timalin
concern to immunomodulators of the first generation, received on the basis
of an extract of thymus tissue.
Taktivinis a preparation of polypeptide nature, received from the thymic gland
of the large horned cattle. Taktivin normalize quantitative and functional
indices of T-system immunity, stimulate production of lymphokins and other
indices of cellular immunity. Apply in adults in complex therapy of infectious,
purulent, septic processes, in lymphoproliferative diseases (lymphogranulomatosis,
lymphoid leucosis) relapsing ophthalmoherpes and other diseases immunity
accompanying advantage's defeat of T-system immunity. Timalin
is a complex of polypeptide fractions, received from the thymic gland
of the large horned cattle. Regulate the quantity of T- and B-lymphocytes,
stimulate reaction of cellular immunity; strengthen of phagocytosis. Apply
in adults and children in quality immunostimulator and biostimulator in
complex therapy of diseases, accompanying by reducing of cellular immunity,
including acute and chronic purulent processes, and inflammatory diseases,
burn diseases and trophic ulcers and others, and also by immunity oppression
hemopoietic function after radial or chemotherapy in oncological patients
and other pathological processes.
All tymical preparations render soft immunomodulating effect, tied together
mainly with the increasing of number and functional activities of T-lymphocytes.
But they have one shortcoming: they represent themselves indivisible mixture
of biologically active peptides and they are difficulty standardized.
Progress in the field of immunomodulators of thymical origin went on the
line of creation of the second and third generation preparations, representing
themselves' synthetic analogies of natural thymus hormones or fragments
of these hormones, possessing biological activities.
The first preparation, received in that direction, becomes Timogen - synthetic dipeptid, consisting of amino-acid's residuum - glutamin and triptofan. On indicating to applying it is similar to other thymical immunomodulators and uses in complex therapy in adults and children by acute and chronic infectious diseases, conducting and reducing indices of cellular immunity by oppression reparative processes after severe traumata (bones fractures), necrosis processes and also by different states of immunodeficit.
Next stage in creation of thymical preparations becomes isolation
of biologic active fragment-one of the thymic hormones - timopoietin and
creation on its basic preparation Imunofan,
representing itself 32-36 amino-acid residuum of timopoietin. Imunofan
show's itself highly effective mean of restoration of disturbances of
immunological reactivity by chronic bacterial and viral infections, surgical
infections. Besides stimulation of immunological reactivity, Imunofan
possesses expressed ability to activate antioxydant system of the organism.
These two properties of Imunofan allow to recommend it to the complex
therapy of oncological patients not only for up lifting of immunity, but
also for elimination of toxic free radical and peroxide connections. Imunofan
applies also by hepatitis B, opportunist infections by AIDS patients,
brucellosis, no long healing wounds of extremities, purulent-septic postoperative
complications: burn shock, acute burn toxemia, associative trauma. Imunofan
applies for immunocorrection of allergic diseases and permits for using
in pediatry.
Myelopid
refers to the immunomodulators, received from the bone marrow
of mammals (pigs or calves). In Myelopid's composition go in six specific
for bone marrow mediators of immune response, named myelopeptides (MP).
These substances possess ability to stimulate different sections of immune
response, especially humoral immunity. Each MP possesses definite biological
action, totality of which stipulates its clinical effect. MP1 restores
nominal balance activities of T-helpers and T-suppressors. MP2 suppresses
proliferation of malignant cells and considerably reduce ability of tumoral
cells to produce toxic substances, suppressing functional activity of
T-lymphocytes. MP3 stimulates activity of phagocytes, and consequently
raises antiinfection immunity. MP4 renders influence on differentiation
of hemopoietic cells, promoting its more quickly ripening that is mean
possesses leukopoietic effect. By immunodeficient states preparation restores
indices of B- and T immunity of systems, stimulates antibodies' production
and functional activity of immunocompetent cells, promotes restoration
of the number of other indices of humoral immunity section.
Myelopid is applied by the secondary immunodeficent states in adults with
the primary defeat of the humoral section of the immunity, including prevention
of infectious complications, after surgical interventions, traumata, osteomyelitis
and other pathological processes, accompanying inflammatory complications,
by non-specific pulmonary diseases of the chronic respiratory tract in
the exacerbation's stage, (laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia);
by chronic pyoderma, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis and others, by
acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leykosis and non-Hodgkin's of T-
and B- cellular lymphomas.
Cytokins
Cytokins are low molecular hormones similar biomoleculs,
produced activated immunocompetent cells and being regulators of intercellular
interactions. There are several groups - interleukins (12 different interleukins),
growth factors (epidermal, factor of nerve growth), coloniestimulating
factors, chemotaxis factors, factor of tumor necrosis. Interleukins are
the main participants of the development of immune response on microorganisms'
introduction, formation of inflammatory reactions and realization of antitumoral
immunity and others.
Turning out of two recombinant interleukines: Betaleukin and Ronkoleukin
are assimilated in Russia.
Betaleukin
is a recombinant interleukin-1-beta man (IL-1). Monocytes and macrophages
realize mainly IL-1 production. Synthesis IL-1 begins with the response
of microorganisms' introduction or disturbance of tissue and launches
the complex of defending reactions, composing the first line of organism
defence.
One of the main properties of IL-1 concludes in ability to stimulate functions
and increases the number of leukocytes. Betaleukin increases the interferon
productions and an interleukins increase out put of antibodies, increases
the number of thrombocytes, accelerates reparative processes in damaged
tissues.
Indication to Betaleukin applying in quality of immunostimulator is the
secondary immunodeficent states, developing after severe trauma (in the
result of purulent-septic and purulent destructive processes, after extensive
surgical interventions, and also by chronic septic states. Indication
to Betaleukin applying in quality of stimulator of leucopoiesis is toxic
leukopenia II-IY degrees complicating chime-radio therapy by malignant
tumors.
Ronkoleukin
is a recombinant interleukin-2 man (IL-2). IL-2 produces in organism of
T-lymphocytes-helpers and carries out the key-role in the process of initiation
and the development of immune response. The preparation stimulates the
proliferation of T-lymphocytes, activates them, in the result of that
they turn into cytotoxic and killing cells, which are capable to destroy
various pathogenic microorganisms and malignant cells. IL-2 strengthens
the formation of immunoglobulins by B-cells, makes more active the function
of monocytes and tissue macrophages. In general, IL-2 possesses immunomodulating
action, directed to strengthening of antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic
and antitumoral immune response.
Ronkoleukin is applied in complex treatment of sepsis and severe infectious-inflammatory
processes of different localization (peritonitis, endometritis, abscesses,
meningitis, mediastinitis, osteomyelitis, pancreatitis, paranephritis,
pyelonephritis, pneumonia, pleyritis, salpingitis, phlegmon of soft tissues),
and also burn disease, tuberculosis, chronic hepatitis C, mycosis, chlamydiosis,
chronic herpes. Ronkoleukin in combination with alpha-interferon is effective
immunotherapeutic mean in treatment of disseminated kidney cancer. The
high effectiveness of preparation is established in treatment of the urinary
bladder cancer, colorectal cancer of the III-IY stages, tumor of the brain
malignant disseminated skin melanoma, malignant mammals' neoplasms, prostatic
gland cancer and ovaries cancer.
Interferons
Interferons are protective substances of proteins nature,
which is worked out by cells in the response of penetration of viruses
and also on influence of the number of natural, synthetic connections
(interferon inductors). Interferons are factors nonspecific defence of
the organism from viruses, bacteria, chlamydies, pathogenic us fungi,
tumor cells, but at the same time they may be regulators of intercellular
interactions to the immune system. From this point of that position they
refer to immunomodulators of endogenous origin.
Three types of human interferons are separated: alfa-interferon (leukocytic),
beta-interferon (fibroblastic) and gamma-interferon (immune). Gamma-interferon
has less antiviral activity, but fulfils the more important immunoregulatoring
role. Mechanism of interferon action may be represented schematically
by the following manner: interferons are connected in the cell with the
specific receptor that leads to cell synthesis about 30 proteins which
supply above mentioned higher effects of interferon. In particularly,
regulator peptides are synthesized, they prevent the penetration of viruses
in to cell, synthesis of a new viruses in cell, stimulate activity of
cytotoxic of T- lymphocytes and macrophages.
In Russia the history of creation of interferon preparations begins from
1967, when human
leukocytic interferon was for the first time created and introduced
in to clinical practice for prophylaxis and treatment of grippe and ARVD.
At present time in Russia several modern preparations of alfa-interferons
are produced, which on their technology of receiving are divided into
natural and recombinant.
The representative of the new generation of natural interferons is a Leukocytic
interferon for injections, containing all subtypes of alfa-interferons
in natural, physiological correlation. Apply in oncology in complex treatment
of melanoma, kidney cancer and ovaries cancer and others.
Leukinferon
is a complex preparation, containing 10.000 ME of natural alfa-interferon
and complex of cytokins of the first phase of the immune response (interleukins
1,6 and 12, factor of tumor necrosis, factors of inhibition migration
of macrophages and leukocytes). Besides antiviral activity preparation
possesses the wide spectrum of immunomodulating action in particularly
is capable to activate practically all stages of phagocytic process. Leukinferon
is applied for the treatment of many viral diseases, bacterial infections,
including sepsis and tuberculosis, chlamidial, mucoplasmic, herpetic infections,
oncological diseases.
Eye drops Lokferon
contain also cleaning and concentrated human leukocytic interferon with
activity of 8.000 ME in the bottle. Apply by treatment eyes diseases of
viral etiology.
Rectal introduction of interferon preparation is a new direction. Apply
of interferon in the view of suppositories supplies a simple, safe, painless
way of introducing, support of containing in blood high interferon concentration
during the longer period of time. In Russia such natural interferons as
Human leukocytic interferon in suppositories is produced with
the activity of 40.000 ME in suppository and Suppositoferon
with activity of 10.000, 20.000 or 30.000 ME. Different immunodeficent
states, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, urogenital infections, and
disbacteriosis, ARVD, measles, and chickenpox in adults and children use
these preparations.
Technology of production of natural interferons has definite limitations
connected with necessity of large quantities of leykomasses and complicity
receiving in enough quantity of interferons with high activity. Gene-engineering
method of receiving recombinant interferon permits to overcome these obstacles,
and also gene-engineering method gives the possibility to receive in clean
kind the different interferon sorts. 5 home preparations of recombinant
interferon-alfa2b are produced.
Reaferon-TC
intended for intramuscular injections is applied for the treatment of
viral infections and also for treatment of some oncologic diseases in
adults and children. Recombinant Interferon alfa-2 is analog to Reaferon
is carried out and produced by State science research Institute' "Especially
Clean biopreparations".
Viferon,
including in its composition interferon-alfa2b, and also antioxidants
of vitamin E and ascorbic acid. Viferon is turned out in the form of rectal
suppositories, in four dosages: on 150.000 ME, on 500.000 ME, on 1.000.000
ME and 3.000.000 ME in suppository, and also in the form of ointment contains
in 1 gr. 200.000 ME interferon activity. Indices to application are considerably
enlarged in Viferon in comparison with the other preparations of interferon
may be practically applied at any infectious pathology at any age group.
Viferon renders more spare action on immune system in weakened patients,
premature children and newborns, with unripe and uncompleted mechanisms
of antiviral and antimicrobic defence. Therefore Viferon is single interferon
preparations is recommended for treatment not only of adults, but also
newborn children and pregnant women. It is especial actually for treatment
of viral and a bacterial and chlamidious infection in pregnant and newborns,
when using of other preparations is contraindicated.
Grippferon
is a new drug form of interferon-alfa2b, indicated for using in species
of nose drops. Grippferon is used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza
and other acute respiratory viral infections.
Kipferon
- is a combined preparation, containing of recombinant interferon-alfa2b
and CIP (mixture of human immunoglobulins of M, A, G classes). Kipferon
is vaginally applied in complex therapy of herpetic infection pappilomas,
condylomas of genital organs, bacterial colpitis of different etiology
(staphylococcic, trichimonadic, chlamidious and others), vagina disbacteriosis
accompanying inflammatory processes of neck, body and appendages of uterus,
preparation to plan gynecologic operations and deliveries for the purpose
of prophylaxis of purulent-septic complications. Kipferon is rectally
applied in therapy of infection of urino-genital organs, acute and chronic
prostatitis.
Immunoglobulins
The curative serums are prototypes of the modern immoglobulin preparations
and some of which (antidiphtheric and antitetanus serums) and up till
now do not lose its clinical importance. However the development of technology
of processing blood preparations allows to incarnate ideas of passive
immunization first in species of concentrated immunoglobulin preparations
for intramuscular injection, and then immunoglobulins for intravenous
injection. For a long time effectiveness of immunoglobulin preparations
are exclusively explained at the expense of passive transfer of antibodies.
Connecting with corresponding antigens, antibodies neutralize them, transfer
into insoluble form in the result of that phagocytosis mechanism are started,
dependent complement lysis and following antigenous elimination from the
organism. However, last years in connection with the proofing of effectiveness
of intravenous immunoglobulins by some autoimmune diseases proper immunomodulating
role of immunoglobulins are actively studied. So intravenous immunoglobulins
are found the ability to change of interleukins production and level receptors
expression to IL-2. Also influence of immunoglobulins preparation on activity
of different subpopulation of T-lymphocytes and stimulating action on
phagocytosis processes is demonstrated.
Intramuscular immunoglobulins, using in the clinic from 50th years, have
relatively low bioaccessibility. Resorption of the preparation comes true
from the injection place during 2-3 days and more half of preparation
exposes to destruction of proteolytic ferments. In Russia is turned out
intramuscular immunoglobulins containing higher titres antibodies to antigens
of definite stimulus: virus of tick-borne, influenza, herpes, cytomegalovirus,
HBs - antigen. Intravenous immunoglobulins have essential advances so
it's applying permit in the shortest frists to create in blood effective
antibody concentrations. At present time in Russia the whole row of Human
immunoglobulins for intravenous injection is turned out (enterprises
"Imbio", "Immunopreparation", Ekaterinburg and Khabarovsk-state
enterprise on biopreparation production). However (intravenous immuglobulins
of foreign enterprises are considered more effective (Pentaglobin,
Cytotect,
Intraglobin,
Gepatekt,
Oktagam,
Sandoglobulin, Biaven
B.U., Venoglobulin).
Intravenous immunoglobulins are applied by primary immunodeficiences (agammaglobulinemia,
selective deficience JgG and others), hypogammaglobulinemia, by chronic
lymphoid leucosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, others auto immune diseases,
and also by severe viral bacterial infections, sepsis, for prophylaxis
of infectious complications in premature children.
Complex
immunoglobulins preparation (CIP) contains human immunoglobulins of
3 classes: JgA (15-25 %), JgM (15-25 %) and JgG (50-70 %). CIP distinguishes
the high contents of JgA and JgM, heightening concentration of antibodies
to gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria, of intestinal group (shigella,
salmonella, Erscherichia and others) high antibodies concentration to
rotaviruses, and also peroral method of application. CIP is used by acute
intestinal infections, disbacteriosis, chronic enterocolitis, allergodermatitis,
combined with intestinal dysfunction..
Near to immunoglobulins preparations in the plan of passive transfer of
immunity is Afinoleukin preparation. Afinoleikin contains of complex low
molecular proteins of human leukocytic extract being capable to transfer
immunoreactiveness to antigens of generally used infectious diseases (herpes,
staphylococcus, streptococcus, mycobacteria of tuberculosis and others),
and afinocommunicating with them. Afinoleukin introduction goes to induction
of immunity in relation to the antigens; immunological memory to them
possesses leukocytic donors. Preparation went clinical tests by treatment
of simple herpes, circular lichen, hepatitis, and adenoviral infections
in additions to the main therapy not given waiting results.
Immunomodulators of exogenous origin
Bacterial and fungous origin preparations refer to immunomodulators
of exogenous origin. To medical applying is permitted such means of microbial
origin as BCG, Pirogenal, Prodigiosan, Nucleinat natrium, Ribomunil, Bronchomunal
and others. All of them posess ability to strengthen functional activity
of neutrophils and macrophages. Already more than half of century immumodulating
role of tuberculosis mycobacteria is known. At present time BCG vaccine
has no independent significance in a quality of immunomodulator. Exception
concerns the method of immune therapy of urinary bladder cancer, with
applying vaccine
"BCG-Imuron". Vaccine "BCG-Imuron" represents
itself living lyophilizing bacteria vaccine BCG1 strain. Preparation is
applied in the kind of instillation in the urine bladder. The living mycobacteria
propagating themselves intracellular bring to nonspecific stimulation
of cell immune response. "BCG-Imuron" is intended for prophylaxis
of relapse of superficial cancer of urinary bladder after operative tumor
remove and also for treatment of small tumors of urinary bladder, removing
of which is impossible.
Studying mechanism of immunomodulating action of BCG vaccine showed, that
it is reproduced with the help of inner layer of cell wall of tuberculosis
of mycobacteria - peptidoglikan, while in the composition with peptidoglikan
an active beginning is the muramildipeptid. Muramildipeptid enters contain
of peptidoglikan of cell wall is practically all known as grampositive
and also gramnegative bacteria. However in the strength of high pyrogeness
and other unfavorable side effects muramildipeptid itself renders unfitness
for clinical use. Therefore the search of its structural analogies begins.
So preparation (glucozaminilmuramildipeptid)
Likopid appears which possesses on a level with low pyrogeness
of higher immunomodulating potential.
Likopid produces immunomodulating action before all at the expense of
cell activation of immune phagocytic system (neutrophils and macrophages).
The latter by means of phagocytosis destroys the pathogenic microorganisms
and at the same time secretates mediators of the natural immunity - cytokins
(interleukin-1, factor of tumor necrosis, colonies-stimulating factor,
gamma-interferon), which acting on wide spectrum of cell - targets, cause
the further development of protective organism reactions. At the last
summary Likopid influences upon the all three main immunity sections:
phagocytosis, cell and humoral immunity, stimulates leukopoiesis and regenerative
processes.
The main indications to Likopid appointment: chronic non-specific diseases
of lungs as in the stage of aggravation and also remission, acute and
chronic purulent inflammatory processes (postoperative, posttraumatic,
wound), trophic ulcers, tuberculosis; acute and chronic viral infections,
especially genital and labial herpes, herpetic keratitis and keratouveitis,
circular lichen; cytomegaloviral infection; disturbances of neck of uterus,
caused by virus of human pappilomas, bacterial and candidous vaginitis,
urogenital infections.
Deserving of Likopid is its possibility of use in pediatry, including
neanatology. Likopid uses by treatment of bacterial pneumonia in maturity
and premature children. Likopid is applied in complex treatment of chronic
viral hepatitis in children. Though Likopid is capable to stimulate ripening
of glukuroniltransferase of liver of newborn children, its effectiveness
is tested by conjugative hyperbilirubinanemia in neonatal period.
Synthetic immunomodulators
Synthetic immunomodulators are received
by means of directed chemical synthesis. To this group concern long ago
known preparations as Levamisol (Dekaris) and Diuzifon.
The representative Polioxidony
of this new generation is synthetic immunomodulators - Polioxidony. (Polioxidony
is an oxygenated derivative polyetilenpiperosin with high molecular weight).
Preparation possesses the wide spectrum of action. It stimulates the functional
activity of phagocytes, that occurs in high phagocytic activities to absorb
and digest microbes, in formation of active oxygen forms, rising of migration
activity of neutrophils. Summary consequences of factors activation natural
immunity is rising of stability to bacterial and viral infections. Polioxidony
rises also the functional activity of T-and- B lymphocytes, NK - cells.
It is also a powerful detoxicant, because possesses ability to sorb on
its surfaces the different toxic substances, goes them on from the organism.
It is ability to reduce the toxicity of a number of remedies is connected
with it.
The preparation showed high effectiveness of all acute and chronic infection-inflammatory
processes of any localization and any origin. Its applying is more quickly
stopping of disease and disappearance of all pathologic displays. In the
strength of its immunomodulating, detoxizilising, antioxidant, membranostabilising
properties of Polioxidony engages the leading position in urology, gynecology,
surgery, pulmonary, allergology and oncologic practice. The preparation
is fine connected with all antibiotics, antiviral and antifungous means,
with interferons and its inductors and goes into the complex schemes of
treatment of many infectious diseases. Polioxidony is one of the not many
immunomodulators, recommended for applying by acute infectious and allergic
processes.
Glutoxim
is the first and only singe respresentative of the new substance class
- thiopoietins. Glutoxim represents itself chemically synthesized gexapeptid
(bis-(gamma-L-glutamil)-L-zisteinil-bis-glizin dinatrium salt), being
structural analogy of natural metabolite - oxygenated glutation. Artificial
stabilization disulfide connection oxygenated glutation permits repeatedly
to strengthen physiological effects; inherent to natural nonmodifying
oxygenated glutation.
Glutoxim activates antiperoxide ferments, glutationreductase, glutationtransferase
and glutationperoxidase, which in their turn activate intercellular reactions
of thiol exchange and also processes of synthesis, sulfur and phosphorus
containing macroergetic connections, which is necessary for normal functioning
intercellular regulatoring systems. The work of cell in a new oxygenated
restoration regime and change of dynamics of phosphorylating of key-blocks-signal
transferring systems and transcriptional factor in the first place of
immunocompetent cells define immunomodulating and systemic cytoprotectoring
effect of the preparation. Special Glutoxim property is ability to render
differential influence on normal (stimulation of proliferation and differentiation)
and transformed (induction of apoptosis) - genetic programming swarm cells.
To the main immunophysiological properties of preparation refer activation
of phagocytes system; strengthening of medullar hemopoiesis and restoration
of level of neutrophiles, monocytes in peripheral blood; increasing of
endogenous production IL-1, IL-6, TNF, INF, erythropoietin, reproduction
of effects IL-2 by means of induction of expression of its receptors.
Glutoxim is applied in the quality of means of prophylaxis and treatment
of the secondary immunodeficient states, associated with radioactive,
chemical, infectious factors; by tumors of any localization as a component
antitumoral therapy for the purpose of rising of perceptibility of tumoral
cells to chemotherapy including by development of partial or total resistance
by acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and hepatitis C with liquidation
of objective signs of chronic carriage of viruses; for potentiation curative
effects of antibacterial therapy of chronic obstructive lungs diseases;
for prophylaxis of postoperative purulent complications; for rising organism
stability to different pathological influences - infectious agents, chemical
or physical factors (intoxication, radiation and etcetera).
Active component of a new immunomodulator Galavit
is a derivative phthalgidrosidis. Galavit possesses anti-inflammatory
and immunomodulating properties. Its main pharmacological effects stipulate
capability to influence on functional and metabolic activity of macrophages.
By inflammatory diseases the preparation is reversible during 6-8 hours,
inhibits excessive synthesis of factor of tumor necrosis, interleukin-1,
active forms of oxygen and other inflammatory cytokins by means of hyperactivated
macrophages, determining degree of inflammatory reactions, their recurrence,
and also expression of intoxication. Normalization of regulating function
of macrophages brings to lowering autoagression level. Besides the influence
on monocyto-macrophageous section, the preparation stimulates microbicidal
system of neutrophilic granulocytes, strengthening of phagocytosis and
raising nonspecifical resistance of the organism to infectious diseases,
and also antimicrobic defence.
Galavit is applied to pathogenetic treatment of acute infectious diseases
(intestinal infections, hepatitis, rose, purulent meningitis, diseases
of urinogenital sphere, posttraumatic osteomyelitis, obstructive bronchitis,
pneumonia) and chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune component
in pathogenesis (ulcer disease, non-specific colitis, Crohn's disease,
defeat of liver of different etiology, sclerodermia, reactive arthritis,
system lupus erythematous, Bechtchet's syndrome, rheumatism and others),
the secondary immunology insufficiency, and also for correction of immunity
by oncologic patients (before and postoperative period, receiving radial
and chemotherapy, for prophylaxis of postoperative complications).
The most inductor-interferons concern also to synthetic immunomodulators.
Interferon-inductors represent themselves heterogeneous on composition
family of high and low molecular synthetic and natural connections, uniting
ability to provoke in organism formation of personal endogenous interferon.
Interferon inductors possess antiviral, immunomodulating and other distinctive
effects for interferon.
Poludan
(complex of poliadenylic and poliuridinal acids) is one of the most first
inductors of interferon, applying in the 70th years. Its interferon inductious
activity is not high. Poludan is used in species of eye drops and injections
under conjunctiva by herpetic kerataconjuctivitis and also in kind of
application by herpetic vulvo-vaginitis and colpitis.
Amixin
is a low molecular interferon inductor, concerning to fluorens
class. Amixin stimulates formation in organism all interferon kinds: ?,
? and g. Maximal interferon level in blood reaches approximately in 24
hours after taking of Amixin, raising in comparison with its initial value
tens of time. The important peculiarity of Amixin is long circulation
(up to 8 weeks) of therapeutic interferon concentration after the course
taking of the preparation. Considerable and prolonged Amixin stimulation
in working out of endogenous interferon provides its wide universal diapason
of antiviral activity. Amixin also stimulates humoral immunal response,
increasing production of IgM and IgG, restores correlation T-helpers/
T-suppressors. Amixin is applied for prophylaxis of influenza and other
ARVD, treatment of severe forms of influenza, acute and chronic hepatitis
B and C, relapsing genital herpes, cytomegaloviral infection, chlamydiosis,
multiple sclerosis.
Neovir
is low molecular interferon inductor (derivative carboxymethulcridon).
Neovir introduces the high titres of endogenous interferon in organism,
especially of early interferon-?. The preparation possesses immunomodulating,
antiviral, antitumor activities. Neovir applies by viral hepatitis B and
hepatitis C and also by urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis of chlamidious
etiology, viral encephalitis.
Cyclopheron
is a preparation like Neovir (methylglucaminal salt of carboxymethyl kridon),
mechanism of action and showing is similar such as in Neovir.
Jodantypirin (1 phenyl - 2,3 dimethyl - 4 - iodpyrazol - 5) - beta interferon
inductor of "later type" essentially raises fibroblast activity
and inducizes its antiviral resistance, detain of penetration of virus
into the cell at the expense of stabilizing action on biological membranes,
stimulates antibodies production. Apply for treatment and prophylaxis
tick-borne encephalitis in adults.
Ridostin
- is an interferon inductor on the basis of two spirals RNA of killing
strains of yeast sacchromyces cerevisiae. Besides stimulation of interferon
making, it activates phagocytes, natural killing cells and other processes,
opposing infection. Ridostin is an effective by herpetic infection, chlamidiosis,
ARVD, influenza.
Thus, to-day in doctors' hands there is the whole store of immunomodulators,
intending for the great number of concrete cases. In the given sphere
Russia passes ahead of many developed countries, where on 4-5 preparations
are worked out and introduced, in Russia - tens. The presence of great
number of immunomodulators must not frighten the practical doctors. The
immune system consists of the whole row of narrowly connected in functional
plan of components the task of which concludes in elimination from organism
the heterologous substances of antigenous nature. Relatively specific
agents may be in each component of this system. Era of immunocorregent
therapy only begins, and after applying in clinical practice in the end
will be selected the more effective preparations which as aspirin, cardiac
glycosides, antibiotics and others, for a long time will come in the number
of basis preparations by treatment one or another diseases.
As it is known, practice - the best criterion of the truth.
O.A. Miroshnik
biomed-s@omskcity.com